Python vs R для науки о данных: сравнение и контраст

Michael Zippo 27.11.2021

–í–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, –≤–∞—Å —É–≤–ª–µ–∫–ª–∞ –∏–¥–µ—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–µ –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–º–æ—á—å –ª—é–¥—è–º —Ä–µ—à–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—ã –≤ –±–∏–∑–Ω–µ—Å–µ, –º–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–Ω–µ –∏–ª–∏ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–∞—Ö. –ò–ª–∏, –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å, –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É—Ç—å –º–æ–¥–µ–ª–∏ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∞–≤—Ç–æ–º–æ–±–∏–ª—è–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–Ω–æ—Å–∏–º—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞. –¢–∞–∫ –∏–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–∞—á–µ, –≤—ã —Ä–µ—à–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–æ–π –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö , –∏ —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –≤–∞–º –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫–æ–π —è–∑—ã–∫ –≤–∞–º —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –≤—ã—É—á–∏—Ç—å. —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞—á–∞—Ç—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –ø–æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ—Ç–µ –∫–∞–∫–æ–µ-–ª–∏–±–æ –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ, –≤—ã –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —É–≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ Python –∏ R - –¥–≤–∞ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª "–õ—É—á—à–∏–π —è–∑—ã–∫ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–∏ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö". –ß–∏—Ç–∞–π—Ç–µ –¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —É–∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫–æ–π —è–∑—ã–∫ –≤–∞–º —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –≤—ã—É—á–∏—Ç—å. & Nbsp;

Python - —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω—ã–π, –≥–∏–±–∫–∏–π, –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π —è–∑—ã–∫ –æ–±—â–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –Ω–∞ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –Ω–∞—à–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–º. –≠—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —Ä–µ–∫–æ–º–µ–Ω–¥—É–µ–º—ã–π —è–∑—ã–∫ –¥–ª—è –Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∫–æ–≤, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –æ—Å–≤–æ–∏—Ç—å, –∏ –µ–≥–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –¥–ª—è –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≤–µ—â–µ–π. & Nbsp;

–í—Å–µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ª–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–∑–∞–¥ –≤ Python –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥–ª—è –∞–Ω–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–ª–ª–µ–∫—Ç–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –≠—Ç–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –¥–∞–≤–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–∏. –í –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ Python –∏ –ø–∞–∫–µ—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–¥–∞—á, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã–µ, –∫–∞–∫ Sklearn, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –¥–µ–ª–∞—é—Ç —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º–æ–¥–µ–ª–µ–π –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —á—Ä–µ–∑–≤—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—ã–º. & Nbsp;

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –∫–æ–¥ Python –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω –∏ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–∏–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –ø—Ä–æ—â–µ –≤ –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏. –û–Ω –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∏–π –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç —Å —Ç–æ—á–∫–∏ –∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã . Python - –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —è–∑—ã–∫ –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞—É–∫–∏ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∏ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∞–µ—Ç R (–æ–±–∞ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∞—é—Ç SQL). & Nbsp;

R –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–∏ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö & nbsp;

–§–∏–≥—É—Ä–∫–∞ –ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ — –ü–æ—á–µ–º—É –ø–∏—Ä–∞—Ç—ã –Ω–∏–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–µ –∏–∑—É—á–∞—é—Ç Python? –ò–º –Ω—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ " Arrrrr! & Rsquo;. & Nbsp;

–ò—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –¥–≤–∞ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ —è–∑—ã–∫–∞ R —Å –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–º –∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ–¥–æ–º –∏ –µ–≥–æ —ç–∫–æ—Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã –¥–ª—è –∫–æ–Ω–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤—ã—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π. –í –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç –±—É–∫–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ –ø–∞–∫–µ—Ç–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è –ª–∏–Ω–µ–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ –Ω–µ–ª–∏–Ω–µ–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–¥–µ–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –ø—Ä–æ–≥–Ω–æ–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä—è–¥–æ–≤, —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—Ñ–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ Comprehensive R Archive Network, CRAN. & Nbsp;

R –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω –≤ –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –Ω–∞—É—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∫—Ä—É–≥–∞—Ö. –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω –≤ –æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Å–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –æ–±—ä–µ–º–∞, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–π –≤–∏–∑—É–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö . –≠—Ç–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —É–ø—Ä–æ—â–∞–µ—Ç –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—á—É —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–∞.

–ù–æ, –Ω–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–∏ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –æ–Ω –Ω–µ —Ç–∞–∫ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω, –∫–∞–∫ Python –∏–ª–∏ SQL. –ü–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏—é –Ω–∞ 2018 –≥–æ–¥ R –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –≤—Å–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ö–æ—Ç—è Python –æ—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. & Nbsp;

Python –∏–ª–∏ R –ª—É—á—à–µ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–∏ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö? & nbsp; < / h2>

–î–µ–º–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –ª–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ " —Å—Ç–∏–ª—è –∫—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ " –±–æ–µ–≤—ã—Ö –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤. & nbsp;

Python –ª—É—á—à–µ, —á–µ–º R? –ö–æ—Ä–æ—á–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è, R –ª—É—á—à–µ –¥–ª—è –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—Ä—É–≥–æ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π , –∞ Python - –ª—É—á—à–µ –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–∫–∏ . Python –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π, –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–∞–∫ R –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏—á–µ–Ω. & Nbsp;

81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç—è—Ö –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—É—Ä—Å–∞. –ü–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–π –∫—É—Ä—Å —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.

–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ —Å–º–µ–Ω—É –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—ã, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.

–≠—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã & rsquo ; re –∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Ñ–æ–Ω–æ–≤. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –∫–∞–∫–æ–µ-—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–æ–¥–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–∞ JavaScript, –≤–∞–º, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –ª–µ–≥—á–µ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å, –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –∏ –æ—Ç–ª–∞–∂–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å Python, —á–µ–º —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –±—ã –¥–ª—è R. & nbsp;

–ö–∞–∫ —ç—Ç–æ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –±—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±–æ–∏—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –¥–∞—Å—Ç –≤–∞–º –ª—É—á—à–∏–π –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –¥–ª—è —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º.