–í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤ —Ñ–∞–π–ª Python, —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –µ—Å–ª–∏ —Ñ–∞–π–ª –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –ø–æ–ø—ã—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø –∫ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–º—É —Ñ–∞–π–ª—É –∏–ª–∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ, –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞ " ValueError: –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –≤–≤–æ–¥–∞-–≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∞ –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ " –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –≤–∞—à–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ.
–í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –º—ã –ø–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–º –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç —ç—Ç–∞ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞ –∏ –ø–æ—á–µ–º—É –æ–Ω–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç. –ú—ã —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º –¥–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–π –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —É–∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ –µ–µ —Ä–µ—à–∏—Ç—å.
ValueError: –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –≤–≤–æ–¥–∞-–≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–º —Ñ–∞–π–ª–µ
–í Python —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–π –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–æ–π –∑–∞–∫—Ä–æ–π—Ç–µ —Ñ–∞–π–ª, –∫–∞–∫ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É —Å —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–º . –≠—Ç–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –≤–∞–º –æ—á–∏—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –∫–æ–¥ –≤ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–µ Python. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∫ —Ñ–∞–π–ª –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ Python, –≤—ã –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∏–ª–∏ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –≤ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Ñ–∞–π–ª –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–º—É—é.
–ï—Å—Ç—å –¥–≤–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö " ValueError: –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –≤–≤–æ–¥–∞-–≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∞ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π —Ñ–∞–π–ª " –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è:
- –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –∑–∞–±—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –≤ –∫–æ–¥–µ –≤ " —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é " –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä
- –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –ø—ã—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Ñ–∞–π–ª –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞
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Let " –ú—ã —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–µ–≤ –∏ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏–º –∏—Ö.
–ü—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞ ‚Ññ1: –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç—É–ø—ã
–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–æ–∫ —É—á–∞—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –∏–∑ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ CSV . –ù–∞—à CSV-—Ñ–∞–π–ª –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è student.csv. –í –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ –Ω–µ–º —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ:
–î–ª—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –º—ã –∏–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ–º –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫—É csv –≤ –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à CSV-—Ñ–∞–π–ª. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä with, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à —Ñ–∞–π–ª:
–≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Ñ–∞–π–ª " student.csv " –≤ —Ä–µ–∂–∏–º–µ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è (" r "). –ú—ã –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ–º —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–º–æ–µ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π " read_file & rdquo ;.
81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–π –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è. –ü–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–π –∫—É—Ä—Å —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.
–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—É, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.
–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–µ–º –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ & rsquo. ; s –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–æ–ª—å:
–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º " –¥–ª—è " —Ü–∏–∫–ª –¥–ª—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±–æ—Ä–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ " read_file " –ü–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è. –≠—Ç–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç –Ω–∞—à CSV-—Ñ–∞–π–ª –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –∏–Ω–¥–µ–∫—Å–∞—Ü–∏—é –¥–ª—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞ –∫ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏–∑ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–π –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∏ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞. –ú—ã –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∏–º –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–µ –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–æ–ª—å.
–ó–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥:
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç –æ—à–∏–±–∫—É. –≠—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–∞—Ç—å " read_file " –≤–Ω–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ with. –§–∞–π–ª " read_file " –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ with. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ with —Ñ–∞–π–ª –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è.
–ß—Ç–æ–±—ã —Ä–µ—à–∏—Ç—å —ç—Ç—É –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—É, –Ω–∞–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –æ—Ç—Å—Ç—É–ø –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Ü–∏–∫–ª–µ for, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ–Ω –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ —Å –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º:
–ó–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–¥:
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è.
–ü–æ–∫–∞ –û–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—ã with —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–æ–º –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞ –∫ —Ñ–∞–π–ª—É, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å open () –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –±–µ–∑ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ with –¥–ª—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞ –∫ —Ñ–∞–π–ª—É.
–ü—Ä–æ—á—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–º–æ–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ " student.csv " —Ñ–∞–π–ª:
–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ open (), —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—å —Ñ–∞–π–ª " student.csv " —Ñ–∞–π–ª –≤ —Ä–µ–∂–∏–º–µ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ csv.reader () –¥–ª—è —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞ CSV. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ–º –Ω–∞—à —Ñ–∞–π–ª, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –º—ã —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–º–æ–µ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é.