Исключения Python: руководство

Michael Zippo 27.11.2021

–ò—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–Ω—ã –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º Python –∏ –≤—Ä—É—á–Ω—É—é. –í—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—é—Ç –≤—ã—è–≤–ª—è—Ç—å —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ.

–í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –º—ã —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º—Å—è –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –∫–∞–∫ –æ–Ω–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è. –ú—ã —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Å –Ω–∏–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ.

–ß—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ?

–ò—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º–æ–µ –ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –æ—à–∏–±–∫–æ–π , —ç—Ç–æ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞, –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞—é—â–∞—è –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã.

–í Python –µ—Å—Ç—å –¥–≤–∞ —Ç–∏–ø–∞ –æ—à–∏–±–æ–∫: —Å–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –∏ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è. –°–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞—é—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∑–∞–ø—É—Å–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏—Ç —Å–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –æ—à–∏–±–∫—É, –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–µ —Å–º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å. –≠—Ç–æ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–æ —Å —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ Python –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫–æ–¥, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—â–∏–π —Å–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏.

–û—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ Python –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É. –í —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–µ 30 –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω—É—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–µ 30 –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–µ—Ç –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–æ 30 —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫ –∫–æ–¥–∞, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è.

–í–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è:

–≠—Ç–æ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–º, —á—Ç–æ Python –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–¥–∞. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω—É–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –°–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–± –æ—à–∏–±–∫–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∂–µ—Ç –≤–∞–º –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ, –∏–∑ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤–∞–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—å –æ—à–∏–±–∫—É.

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ–º –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ–± –æ—à–∏–±–∫–µ:
< / p>

81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏—Ö —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–π –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è. –ü—Ä–æ–π–¥–∏—Ç–µ –∫—É—Ä—Å –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.

–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—É, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.

AttributeError: " str " –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –∞—Ç—Ä–∏–±—É—Ç–∞ " append "

–í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –º—ã –∑–Ω–∞–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—à–∞ –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞ - —ç—Ç–æ AttributeError. –≠—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –ø—ã—Ç–∞–µ–º—Å—è —Å–æ—Å–ª–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –∞—Ç—Ä–∏–±—É—Ç. –í –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ–± –æ—à–∏–±–∫–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –ø—ã—Ç–∞–µ–º—Å—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å append () –¥–ª—è —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–∞, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ–¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º–æ.

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã –Ω–µ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç append () —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–∏–π —à–∞–≥ - –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫ —ç–∫–≤–∏–≤–∞–ª–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ append () –¥–ª—è —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫. –≠—Ç–æ –∫–æ–Ω–∫–∞—Ç–µ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—è. –¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å —É –Ω–∞—Å –µ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ—Ç–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—ã –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å.

–ì–¥–µ —è –º–æ–≥—É –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ?

–ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–º–æ—á—å –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Å—Ç–∞–º –≤—ã—è–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∏ –≤ –∏—Ö –∫–æ–¥–µ, Python –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Ä—è–¥ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–π. –≠—Ç–∏ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –ø–æ–º–æ—á—å –≤–∞–º –∏–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—ã –≤ –≤–∞—à–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –µ–µ –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å. –ù–∏–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω—ã –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–π, —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º–∏ –≤—ã, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å:

TypeError: –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è–µ—Ç–µ –∫ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—É, —Ç–∏–ø –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —ç—Ç—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é. (–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, TypeError: –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫ –∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Ä—É–µ–º–æ–º—É )
SyntaxError: –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∏—Ç—å –≤–∞–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –≤–∞—à–µ–º —Å–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—Å–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º–∞ (–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, SyntaxError: –Ω–µ–¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º—ã–π —Å–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—Å).
KeyError: –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Å—Å—ã–ª–∞–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∫–ª—é—á –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –Ω–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç (–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, KeyError: " usb_ports ")
–ò–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç –û—à–∏–±–∫–∞: –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –ø—ã—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å –∏–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –ø–∞–∫–µ—Ç –∏–ª–∏ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é –∏–∑ –Ω–µ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –ø–∞–∫–µ—Ç–∞.

–ú—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Å–ª–∏–ª–∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–∑ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≤—ã –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ —è–∑—ã–∫–µ Python.

–ö–∞–∫ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ

–í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ. –≠—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º—ã–µ Python, –Ω–µ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –≤–∞—à–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã.

–ú—ã —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º—Å—è –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä—è–µ—Ç –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å –¥–ª—è –∏–≥—Ä—ã. –î–ª—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—å—Ç–µ " s –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –≤–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å:

–ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –±—ã–ª –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º, –æ–Ω –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 12 —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–æ–≤. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç 12 —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–æ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ, –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

–î–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º—ã —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º—Å—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä if . –°–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä if –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä—è–µ—Ç, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏—Ç –ª–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å, –≤—ã–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º, –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ 12 —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–æ–≤:

–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º len () –¥–ª—è –≤—ã—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª–∏–Ω—ã –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—è –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –≤–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç –Ω–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å, –Ω–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ –≤—ã–∑–æ–≤–µ—Ç –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ " –≤–∞—à –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –¥–ª–∏–Ω—ã. & Rdquo;

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ–±—É–µ–º –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç—å—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç:

–í–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–º–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å –±—ã–ª –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ 12 —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–æ–≤. –ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –≤–≤–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª—å. –î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ–±—É–µ–º –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à—É –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É —Å –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–º –ø–∞—Ä–æ–ª–µ–º:

–ù–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è.

–ö–∞–∫ –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ

–ü–æ —É–º–æ–ª—á–∞–Ω–∏—é –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã. –•–æ—Ç—è —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –≤–∞—Å –∏—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ t o –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞, –≤ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è—Ö –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∞ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–æ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

–ù–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä—è–µ—Ç–µ, –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã –ª–∏ —Ç–æ—á–∫–∏ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ—Ç—å —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ–¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º–∞—è —Ç–æ—á–∫–∞ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö.

–î–ª—è –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å " try & hellip; except " –±–ª–æ–∫–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å. –î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—å —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –∏–º–µ–Ω —É—á–∞—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ –∏ –∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–µ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫–∏ –ø–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º—É —Ç–µ—Å—Ç—É.

–î–ª—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –¥–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—å —Å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–µ–π –æ–± —É—á–∞—â–µ–º—Å—è –∏ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫–∞—Ö:

–ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –¥–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–º –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏–º—è, –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫—É –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –æ–Ω —Ö–æ—á–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å. –ú—ã —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–µ–º —ç—Ç–æ –∑–∞ " try " –±–ª–æ–∫, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –º—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ:

"–ö–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∫–∞—Ä–º–∞ –≤–æ—à–ª–∞ –≤ –º–æ—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–Ω–∞ –º–Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, –∏ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –º–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–π—Ç–∏ –∫—É—Ä—Å –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –¥–≤–∞ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–∞ —è –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –º–æ–µ–π –º–µ—á—Ç—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –º–æ–∏–º —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –∏ —Ü–µ–ª—è–º –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏! "

–í–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞, –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä-–ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Å—Ç Rockbot

–≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–Ω –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫–∞ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –∏–º—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–ø–∞–¥–∞–µ—Ç —Å —Ç–µ–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –≤–≤–µ–ª –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º–æ–µ –∏–º—è, –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞ KeyError.

–ú—ã —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º—Å—è —Ä–µ—à–∏—Ç—å —ç—Ç—É –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º—É, –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏–≤ –≤ –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –±–ª–æ–∫ except:

–ï—Å–ª–∏ —É—á–∞—â–∏–π—Å—è –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –Ω–∞–π–¥–µ–Ω, –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏–µ except. –î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º –Ω–∞—à—É –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É:

–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã –≤–≤–æ–¥–∏–º –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∏–º—è —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫–∞ , –Ω–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç. –î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ–±—É–µ–º –Ω–∞—à—É –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –º—ã –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–º –Ω–µ–¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º–æ–µ –∏–º—è —É—á–∞—â–µ–≥–æ—Å—è:

–í–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–æ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –Ω–æ –Ω–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–º–æ–µ —Ç–µ–≥–∞ " except " –±–ª–æ–∫ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—é—Ç—Å—è.

–ß—Ç–æ–±—ã —É–∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –æ –±–ª–æ–∫–µ try & hellip; except, –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø–æ Python try & hellip; except .

–ó–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ

–ò—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞—é—Ç –≤–∞–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –≤–∞—à–µ–º –∫–æ–¥–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –æ—à–∏–±–∫–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã —É–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å —Ç–∏–ø –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–æ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–± –æ—à–∏–±–∫–µ. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç—É –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞–π—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω—É –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è.

–í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ raise. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –±–ª–æ–∫–∞ –∫–æ–¥–∞ try & hellip; except.

–¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å —É –≤–∞—Å –µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ –¥–ª—è —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–π Python, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª!