Python Queue and Deque: пошаговое руководство
Функции и методы Python
Michael Zippo
27.11.2021
–û—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å Python - —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—â–∏–π –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ FIFO, "–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª - –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–µ–Ω". Python deque –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ: –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å LIFO –∏–ª–∏ "–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª - –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –≤—ã—à–µ–ª". –û–±–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é—Ç —Å–æ —Å—Ç–µ–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—è–º–∏.
–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ –≤ Python, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ—Ç—å —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ . –ù–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã –ø–∏—à–µ—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –æ—Ç—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Ä–µ–≥–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—Ü–∏—é. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º –∫–æ–≥–æ-—Ç–æ –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫, –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –ø–æ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ª—é–¥–∏, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–µ—Å—è –≤–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—é—Ç –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å.
–ï—Å—Ç—å –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ Python, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∞—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–º–æ—á—å –≤–∞–º —Å —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ç–∏–ø–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–±–ª–µ–º: –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. –û—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –≤ Python, —Å –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ–º –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —Å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å—é –≤—ã —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –Ω–µ–¥–∞–≤–Ω–æ. –° –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã, –≤ —Å—Ç–µ–∫–µ –≤—ã —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–º.
–í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –º—ã —Ä–∞–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ–º –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–µ–π –≤ Python –∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—ã –∏—Ö —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏.
–†—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø–æ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—è–º
–ü–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ —Å–æ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–æ–º Python, –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—ã, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –≤ —Ç–æ–º –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–µ, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤—ã –∏—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏–ª–∏. –ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à –ø—Ä–µ–¥—ã–¥—É—â–∏–π –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, –≤—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±—ã—Ç—å –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω—ã –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–µ–≥–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ù–æ –ø–æ –º–µ—Ä–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –ª—é–¥–∏ –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—é—Ç –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å, –≤–∞–º —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –ø–æ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫—É.
–û—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–æ–≤ –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞ & mdash; –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—â–∏–µ—Å—è –≤ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ . –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, –æ–Ω –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –≤ –∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü. –≠—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è first-in, first-out –∏–ª–∏ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å—é FIFO. –¥–ª—è –∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–æ—Å—Ç–∏.
–í Python –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ä—Ç–Ω—ã–π —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç–µ –∏ —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Ç—Ä–µ–±—É–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—Å–µ—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤–∞–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ "–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª - –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π —É—à–µ–ª", –≤—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å.
Python Queue
–ò—Ç–∞–∫, –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å –≤ Python? –ü–æ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫—É –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å ke –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–µ–π. –ú–æ–¥—É–ª—å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞–µ—Ç –≤ —Å–µ–±—è —Ä—è–¥ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤ –¥–ª—è –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–µ–π, –Ω–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –º—ã —Å–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Ç–æ—á–∏–º—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ queue.Queue.
81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç —Å–µ–±—è –ª—É—á—à–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –±—É—Ç–∫–µ–º–ø–∞ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—ã –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏—Ö —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–π. –ü—Ä–æ–π–¥–∏—Ç–µ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–π –∫—É—Ä—Å —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.
–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–µ –ø–æ –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –ª–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—Ü–µ, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.
–î–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–º, –º—ã —Å—Ç—Ä–æ—è—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –æ—Ç—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ö–æ—Ç—è—Ç –ø–æ–π—Ç–∏ –ø–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º –≤ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–º –∫–∏–Ω–æ—Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ. –ú—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ö–æ—Ç—è—Ç –ø–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º.
–í–æ-–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö, –Ω–∞–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. –ú—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –∫–æ–¥:
–¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –º—ã –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤—ã —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à—É –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å. –§—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è put () –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∞—Ç—å –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å. –í –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –Ω–∏–∂–µ –∫–æ–¥–µ –º—ã —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º—Å—è –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –ø—è—Ç—å —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–∞:
–¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –º—ã –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –≤ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å –Ω–∞—à–∏ –ø—è—Ç—å –∏–º–µ–Ω. –≠—Ä–∏–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∞, –∏ —Ç–∞–∫ –¥–∞–ª–µ–µ, –ø–æ–∫–∞ –º—ã –Ω–µ –¥–æ–π–¥–µ–º –¥–æ –•–µ–ª–µ–Ω—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∏–¥–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π. –ú—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–¥–µ–º–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ get (), –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä:
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ:
–ö–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –≠—Ä–∏–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –±—ã –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –¥–≤–∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≤ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –º—ã –±—ã –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é get ():
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ:
–ù–æ —á—Ç–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏ —É–¥–∞–ª–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ —Å –ª—é–±–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏? –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è deque. –ò—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è deque, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –¥–≤—É—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω—é—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∏ —É–¥–∞–ª—è—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏–∑ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. Deques - —ç—Ç–æ last-in, first-out –∏–ª–∏ –¥–ª—è –∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–æ—Å—Ç–∏ LIFO.
–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º—Å—è —Ç–µ–º –∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∏ –≤—ã—à–µ: —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–∞. –í–æ-–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö, –º—ã –æ–±—ä—è–≤–∏–º –Ω–∞—à—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é deque:
–¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –º—ã –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—à—É –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω—é—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞—à —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞ –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏:
–ö–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ append () , —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å. –ß—Ç–æ–±—ã —É–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—â–∏–µ—Å—è –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –∫–æ–¥:
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç th –µ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ:
–ö–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –Ω–∞—à–∏ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω—ã –≤ —Ç–æ–º –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–µ, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –º—ã –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –∏—Ö –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω—é—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å. –ù–æ —á—Ç–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º —É–¥–∞–ª–∏—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –∏–∑ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏? –î–ª—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ü–µ–ª–∏ –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é popleft (). –í–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä:
–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ —É–¥–∞–ª–∏–ª –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ & mdash; –≠—Ä–∏–Ω & mdash; –∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ:
–ï—Å–ª–∏ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º —É–¥–∞–ª–∏—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é clear ():
–†–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π:
–ö–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –Ω–∞—à–∞ –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω—è—è –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å –ø—É—Å—Ç–∞, –Ω–æ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç –≤—Å–µ –µ—â–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç. & nbsp;
–ó–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ
–í–æ—Ç –∏ –≤—Å–µ! –í —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–µ –º—ã –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏–ª–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç —Å–æ–±–æ–π —Ç–∏–ø —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –≤–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ –∫ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—É "–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª - –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–µ–Ω". –û–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–∫—Ç–∞.
"–ö–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∫–∞—Ä–º–∞ –≤–æ—à–ª–∞ –≤ –º–æ—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –≤ –Ω–µ–π –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å, –∏ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –º–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–π—Ç–∏ –∫—É—Ä—Å –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –¥–≤–∞ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±—ã —è –Ω–∞—à–µ–ª —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –º–æ–µ–π –º–µ—á—Ç—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –º–æ–∏–º —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –∏ —Ü–µ–ª—è–º –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏! "
–í–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞, –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä-–ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Å—Ç Rockbot
–ú—ã —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏–ª–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å deque –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–≤—É—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∏ —É–¥–∞–ª—è—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏. –¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –≤—ã –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤—ã –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –∫ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏—é —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–ø—Ä–æ—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –¥–µ–∫!
