Структуры данных Python

Michael Zippo 27.11.2021

–°—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏. –û–Ω–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –¥–ª—è –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏, —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏—Ö –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å. & Nbsp;

–ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤—å—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã —Å—Ç–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç–µ —Å–≤–æ—é –µ–∂–µ–Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∑–∞–≥—Ä—É–∑–∫—É. –í –∏–¥–µ–∞–ª–µ, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –Ω–æ—Å–∫–∏, —Ñ—É—Ç–±–æ–ª–∫–∏, –±—Ä—é–∫–∏ –∏ –¥–µ–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Å—ã –≤ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —è—â–∏–∫–∞—Ö, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å —É—Ç—Ä–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü—É. –í—ã –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å —Å–æ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–æ–π –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö. –ê —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤—å—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã –±—Ä–æ—Å–∞–µ—Ç–µ –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–∏ –≤–µ—â–∏ –ª–∏–±–æ –≤ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —è—â–∏–∫, –ª–∏–±–æ –≤ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —è—â–∏–∫–æ–≤ –±–µ–∑ —É–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ—á–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ö–∞–∫ –≤—ã –¥—É–º–∞–µ—Ç–µ, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≤–∞–º –ø–æ–Ω–∞–¥–æ–±–∏—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π–Ω—É—é —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –∏–ª–∏ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä? –≠—Ç–æ –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –±–µ–∑ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö.

–í —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–µ –º—ã –ø–æ–≥—Ä—É–∑–∏–º—Å—è –≤–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å Python.

–í—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –°—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ Python

–í—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ Python –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞—é—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏, —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏, –∫–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä—ã.

–°–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏

–°–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã (–¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞—é—Ç –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è ) —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –∏–º–µ—Ç—å —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏–ª–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏. –î—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞–º–∏, –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–∏–ø—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö.

–°—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–∞ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç 11 –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–æ–≤, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º—ã—Ö –¥–ª—è –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, —É–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–ª–∏ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–∞–º–∏–º —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–æ–º.

–î–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫

append (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ append () –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –æ–¥–∏–Ω —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫.

extend (): –ú–µ—Ç–æ–¥ extend () –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–º —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º –∏–∑ –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—è–µ–º—ã–π. –û–Ω –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç append () —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º.

insert (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ insert () –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏—è –∏–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–¥–µ–∫—Å. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç - —ç—Ç–æ –∏–Ω–¥–µ–∫—Å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –≤—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å, –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç - —ç—Ç–æ —Å–∞–º —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç.

–£–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞

remove (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ remove () —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏—Ç –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

pop (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ pop () —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–∏, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–¥–µ–∫—Å –Ω–µ –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω, —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç.

clear (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ clear () –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –û–Ω —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç –≤—Å–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏–∑ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞.

–î—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥—ã —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞

index (): –ú–µ—Ç–æ–¥ index () –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç –∏–Ω–¥–µ–∫—Å –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è.

count (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ count () —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–∞–∑ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ.

sort (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ sort () –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å –∏–ª–∏ –±–µ–∑ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∏ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ —Å–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∏.

reverse (): –ú–µ—Ç–æ–¥ reverse –º–µ–Ω—è–µ—Ç –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ, —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ —Å–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∏ –≤—ã—à–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–π –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç —Å–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∏.

copy (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ copy () –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç –∫–æ–ø–∏—é —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞.

–ö–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂–∏

–ö–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂–∏ - —ç—Ç–æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤ —Å–∫–æ–±–∫–∏. –í –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –æ—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–æ–≤, –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã (—Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω—ã) –∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é—Ç –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–µ, —á–µ–º —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏. –ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã, –º—ã —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Ö –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–π –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—è—Ö. –ö–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –∏–∑ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏. & Nbsp;

–ú—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤ –∫–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è –∫–æ–Ω–∫–∞—Ç–µ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—é.

81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—É—Ç–∫–µ–º–ø. –ù–∞–π–¥–∏—Ç–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ –∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–º—É –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—é —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.

–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—É, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.

–°–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏ - —ç—Ç–æ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö. –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç –ø–∞—Ä—ã –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞–∫ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã –≤ JavaScript. –ö–∞–∫ –∏ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏, —ç—Ç–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä—ã –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã–º–∏, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –∏—Ö –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ.

–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –ø–∞—Ä—ã –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ - —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫. –ö–ª—é—á–∞–º–∏ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –∏–º—è, –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç, —Ä–æ—Å—Ç –∏ –≤–µ—Å. –ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∫–ª—é—á–µ–π –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –î–∂–æ—à, 33, 5 " 10, 180 —Ñ—É–Ω—Ç–æ–≤.

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å " Josh " –Ω–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–µ –∏–º—è.

–ú—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—è –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø–∞—Ä—ã" –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ ".

–ú—ã —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–µ–º —É–¥–∞–ª–∏—Ç—å –ø–∞—Ä—ã –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ del, pop () , –∏–ª–∏ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥—ã popitem (). –û–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ —Å–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—è–º–∏ pop () –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω & nbsp; –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –Ω–∞–º –ø–æ–Ω–∞–¥–æ–±–∏—Ç—Å—è popitem () –¥–ª—è —É–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–∑ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –ø–∞—Ä—ã –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—è.

–ú—ã —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–µ–º –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫–ª—é—á–∏ –∏–ª–∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—è.

–î–ª—è –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏ –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –ø–∞—Ä –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ items ().

–ù–∞–±–æ—Ä—ã - —ç—Ç–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º—ã–µ –Ω–µ—É–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∫—Ü–∏–∏ —É–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—è—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –ù–∞–±–æ—Ä—ã –≤—ã–≥–ª—è–¥—è—Ç –∫–∞–∫ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –æ–±–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤ —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∫–æ–±–∫–∞—Ö, –Ω–æ, –≤ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –æ—Ç —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ–π, –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä—ã –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –ø–∞—Ä –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

< p> –ú—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤ –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ add ().

–ü—Ä–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞–º –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞: union (), –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ (), difference () –∏ symric_difference ().

union (): union ( ) –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è–µ—Ç –¥–≤–∞ –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∏–π, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—è –æ–±—â–∏–µ —á–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –æ–±–æ–∏—Ö –∏ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—è –µ–≥–æ –∫–∞–∫ –µ–¥–∏–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä –±–µ–∑ –¥—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞—Ç–æ–≤.

–ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –æ–±—â–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤ –æ–±–∞ –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä–∞.

difference (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω —É–¥–∞–ª—è–µ—Ç –≤—Å–µ –æ–±—â–∏–µ —á–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä–∞.

symric_difference (): –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ symric_difference () —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∂–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∑–∞ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ–º —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –æ–±–æ–∏—Ö —ç—Ç–∏—Ö ts –≤ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–µ.