Change language
Python.Engineering Wiki Python args и kwargs: руководство

Python args и kwargs: руководство

Функции и методы Python
Michael Zippo Michael Zippo 27.11.2021

–ò Python * args, –∏ ** kwargs –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è—é—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –ê—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã * args –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–ª–æ–≤, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∫–∞–∫ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã ** kwargs —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã —Å –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–º.

–¢—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ —Å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è–º–∏ –≤ Python, –≤–∞–º –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–º—É—é —É–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ç.

–í –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è—Ö, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–º, –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ –ø–∞—Ä–∞–º–µ—Ç—Ä—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–µ–π –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–º—É—é.

–í–æ—Ç –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ Python * args –∏ ** kwargs. –≠—Ç–∏ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è—é—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏.

–í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å–æ —Å—Å—ã–ª–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –±—É–¥—É—Ç –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–ª–æ–≤ * args –∏ ** kwargs –≤ Python –∏ –∏—Ö —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

Python * args

–ú–µ—Ç–æ–¥ Python * args –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –û–Ω –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –Ω–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—ã, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—Ç—å.

–¢–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω " args " –∑–∞–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å. –í —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –∏–º—è " args " —Å –ª—é–±—ã–º –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å " —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ " –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ —á–∏—Å–µ–ª –∏–ª–∏ " student " –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ & Rsquo; –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏.

–°–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—Å –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞ * args —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π:

81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–π –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è. –ù–∞–π–¥–∏—Ç–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ –∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–º—É –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—é —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.

–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ —Å–º–µ–Ω—É –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—ã, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.

–≠—Ç–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ. –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –ò—Ç–∞–∫, –º—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–ª—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –¥–≤–∞ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –∏ —Ç–∞–∫ –¥–∞–ª–µ–µ. –ù–∞—à–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–æ–ª—å –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –º—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–µ–º –Ω–∞—à–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏.

–ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–æ—á–∫–∏, " —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ " –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–∞—à–∏ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã.

–ö–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ args –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç–µ –º–∞—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —Å–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —á–∏—Å–µ–ª.

* args –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä Python

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –≠—Ç–æ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–º –≤—ã—á–∏—Å–ª—è—Ç—å –º–∞—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É –±–µ–∑ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞–∫ –ø–ª—é—Å–∞ –¥–ª—è –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å.

–í–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–∞ —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤:

–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç:

–°–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –º—ã –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª—è–µ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é Python —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º addNumbers (), –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏—Ç –∫–æ–¥ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–æ–≤. –£ —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç: * args.

–ö–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ * args –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Ç–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–Ω—ã –≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é.

–ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª—è–µ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é Python —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º total, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –æ—Ç—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –æ–±—â–µ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –º—ã –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ 0.

–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º —Ü–∏–∫–ª for –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–µ args –∏ –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –∫ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ–±—â–µ–π —Å—É–º–º–µ. –û–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã —Å—Å—ã–ª–∞–µ—Ç–µ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—â–∏–µ—Å—è –≤ * args, –≤—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç–µ " args " –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ–º –æ–±—â–µ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –≤—ã—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–æ–π.

–í –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ –º—ã –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ addNumbers (). –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é, –º—ã —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —Ç—Ä–∏ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞—à–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ. –í —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é, –º—ã —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞—à–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ.

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ * args, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –Ω–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏. –ù–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏–º–æ –æ—Ç —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –º—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–µ–º.

Python ** kwargs

–ö–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ ** kwargs –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏. ** –ö–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ kwargs —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø –∫ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—É, –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å –∫ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–º—É —Å–ª–æ–≤—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—ã —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–ª–∏ —Å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—á–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞.

–°–∏–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Å–∏—Å ** kwargs:

–≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é. –ò–º—è ** kwargs - —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–∞. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å " kwargs " —Å –ª—é–±—ã–º —Ç–µ—Ä–º–∏–Ω–æ–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ.

–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –∏–º—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–æ—á–∫–∏ –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –º–µ—Ç–∫–∏ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞. –í –¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –Ω–∞—à –ª–µ–π–±–ª " record & rdquo ;. –ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–µ ** kwargs —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ø–∞—Ä–∞—Ö –∫–ª—é—á-–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –í–æ—Ç –ø–æ—á–µ–º—É –Ω–∞–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å items () –¥–ª—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±–æ—Ä–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏.

** –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä kwargs Python

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º –±–∞–∑–æ–≤—ã–π –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ —Å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º ** kwargs, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø—Ä–æ–∏–ª–ª—é—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ.

< p> –ü—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–º, –º—ã —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é –æ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–µ –∫–ª–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –≤ –∫–∞—Ñ–µ. –ú—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—Ç—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é –æ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–µ –∫–ª–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–æ–ª—å. —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é:

"–ö–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∫–∞—Ä–º–∞ –≤–æ—à–ª–∞ –≤ –º–æ—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –≤ –Ω–µ–π –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å, –∏ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –º–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–π—Ç–∏ –∫—É—Ä—Å –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –¥–≤–∞ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–∞ —è –Ω–∞—à–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –º–µ—á—Ç—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –º–æ–∏–º —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –∏ —Ü–µ–ª—è–º –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏! "

–í–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞, –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä-–ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Å—Ç –≤ Rockbot

< p> –ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç:

–°–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –º—ã –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª—è–µ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º printOrder (), –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ ** kwargs –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –≠—Ç–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ " kwargs " (–≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è –≤—Å–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏).

–ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º –Ω–∞—à—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–µ–º —Ç—Ä–∏ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞: –∫–æ—Ñ–µ, —Ü–µ–Ω—É –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–µ–º —ç—Ç–∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –æ–Ω–∏ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é –∫–∞–∫ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—å.

–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—å Python —Å —Ç—Ä–µ–º—è —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –Ω–∞–º–∏ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏. , –Ω–∞—Ä—è–¥—É —Å –∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –±—ã –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –º—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—Ç—å –µ—â–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –∏–ª–∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ ** kwargs –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Å–æ–±–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤.

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –Ω–∞—à–∏ kwarg —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ, –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø –∫ –∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è–º –∏–Ω–¥–∏–≤–∏–¥—É–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ —Å –ª—é–±—ã–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ–º Python.

–£–ª—É—á—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–¥–∞

–¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω—É—é –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é –æ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–µ –∫–æ—Ñ–µ –≤ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≤–∏–¥–µ. –ú—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—è —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –∫–æ–¥:

–ù–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç: < / p>

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–∑–±–µ—Ä–µ–º –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥. –°–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –º—ã –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª—è–µ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º printOrder (), –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ ** kwargs –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–∞ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–ª–æ–≤. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª–∏ —Ü–∏–∫–ª for, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ kwargs.

–ú—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ Python Dictionary items () –¥–ª—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞ –∫ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –∫–ª—é—á—É –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—é –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ.

–≠—Ç–æ—Ç —Ü–∏–∫–ª for —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –∏–º—è –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –∫–ª—é—á–∞ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä–µ (–∫–æ—Ñ–µ, —Ü–µ–Ω–∞ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä). –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫–æ–¥ " —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ & rdquo ;. –ù–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –Ω–∞—à –∫–æ–¥ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–µ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –∫–ª—é—á—É (" Mocha & rdquo ;, 2.90 –∏ " Large " —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ).

–ï—Å–ª–∏ –±—ã –º—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—Ç—å –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –∏–ª–∏ –¥–≤–∞ –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞, –º—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã —ç—Ç–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å. –≠—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ ** kwargs –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –¥–ª–∏–Ω—ã —Å –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞–º–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä * args.

Python * args vs. ** kwargs

–ê—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ —Å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º ** kwargs, —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ä—è. * args –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏.

–ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–π—Ç–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é ** kwargs, –≤–∞–º –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç—å –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –¥–ª—è –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏. –í–∞–º –Ω–µ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ * args.

–û–¥–∏–Ω–∞—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–æ—á–∫–∞ –æ–±–æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç * args, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∫–∞–∫ ** kwargs –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç –¥–≤–æ–π–Ω—É—é –∑–≤–µ–∑–¥–æ—á–∫—É. –≠—Ç–æ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∏–µ, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É " args " –∏ " kwargs " —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –∑–∞–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏. –í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å —ç—Ç–∏ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ª—é–±—ã–º –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º.

–ö–∞–∫ —É–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ—á–∏—Ç—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã Python

–ê—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –≤ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ Python —Ü–∏—è –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–µ. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –≤—ã–≥–ª—è–¥–∏—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º:

  • –§–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã
  • * args
  • –ê—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∫–ª—é—á–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞
  • ** kwargs

–ò—Ç–∞–∫, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ –∫–∞–∫ —Å * args, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ —Å ** kwargs, –≤—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥:

–ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ —É–º–æ–ª—á–∞–Ω–∏—é –¥–ª—è –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω—É—Ç—å, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ –∫–æ–¥:

–≠—Ç–∞ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—è –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º coffee, –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–æ —É–º–æ–ª—á–∞–Ω–∏—é –¥–ª—è –ª—é–±–æ–≥–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º coffee_order –±—É–¥–µ—Ç Espresso < / em>. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è * args –∏ ** kwargs.