Введение в языки объектно-ориентированного программирования: руководство

Функции и методы Python

–û–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã –≤ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–Ω–æ–º –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã. –î—É–º–∞–π—Ç–µ –æ–± –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –æ —á–∞—Å–∞—Ö. –£ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –û–Ω–∏ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω—ã –∏–∑ –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª–∞, –æ–Ω–∏ —á–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ. , —É –Ω–µ–≥–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–µ—Å. –ù–æ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –¥–µ–ª–∞–µ—Ç —á—Ç–æ-—Ç–æ. –û–Ω –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –≤–ª–∏—è—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–±—è, –≤—Ä–∞—â–∞—è —à–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–∏, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —Ä—É–∫.

–ï—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ —á–∞—Å—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é—Ç, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å. –ï—Å–ª–∏ —á–∞—Å—ã —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω—ã, –æ–Ω–∏ –±—É–¥—É—Ç –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω–æ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—è—Ç—å –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, –∏ –Ω–∞–º –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–º–µ—à–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –∏—Ö –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—é—é —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É. & nbsp;

–û–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç -–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —è–∑—ã–∫–∏ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã, –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–∏—Ä–∞. –£ –Ω–∏—Ö –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏. –û–Ω–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç —Ç–µ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏—é —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –Ω–∞–±–æ—Ä—É –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–æ–≤.

–ü—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—ã –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è

–û–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —è–∑—ã–∫–∏ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã –Ω–∞ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∞—Ö. –≠—Ç–∏ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∞ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –æ–±—â–∏–º–∏ —Å–≤–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—è—é—Ç –∏—Ö –∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞—é—Ç –∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –∏—Ö —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä—å–º—è —Å—Ç–æ–ª–ø–∞–º–∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è.

–ß–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–ø–∞ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è:

1. –ò–Ω–∫–∞–ø—Å—É–ª—è—Ü–∏—è
2. –ê–±—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ü–∏—è < / li>
3. –ù–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ
4. –ü–æ–ª–∏–º–æ—Ä—Ñ–∏–∑–º

–ß–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∞

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ–º —ç—Ç–∏ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ.

Java, Python, C ++, Lisp –∏ Perl - –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –û–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–∞—Ä–∞–¥–∏–≥–º—ã –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤.

–ü—è—Ç—å –∏–∑ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞—é—Ç:

1. Java
2. Python
3. C ++
4. Ruby
5. C #

• Java & nbsp; & ndash; & nbsp; < a href = "/ java-project-ideas /"> Java & nbsp; –µ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–≤—Å—é–¥—É, –∏ —ç—Ç–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º—ã—Ö –∏ –≤–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞ –≤—Å–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è. –î–µ–≤–∏–∑ Java: "–Ω–∞–ø–∏—à–∏ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–∞–∑, –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–¥–µ —É–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ", –∏ —ç—Ç–æ –æ—Ç—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç—Ñ–æ—Ä–º, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç, –∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è.
• Python & nbsp; & ndash; & nbsp; Python & nbsp; —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ Python –ø—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ –æ–±–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ & nbsp; –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–º –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ & nbsp; –∏ & nbsp; –Ω–∞—É–∫–µ –æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö. –≠—Ç–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ—á—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–π –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç—É—â–µ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏.
• C ++ & nbsp; & ndash; & nbsp; C ++ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—å & nbsp; C & nbsp; —Å —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ø–∞—Ä–∞–¥–∏–≥–º–∞. –≠—Ç–æ —Å–∫–æ–º–ø–∏–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω—ã–π –∏ –º–æ—â–Ω—ã–π —è–∑—ã–∫. –§–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏, –µ–≥–æ –¥–∞–∂–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ–º–ø–∏–ª—è—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –¥–ª—è –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤.
• Ruby & ndash; Ruby - –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —è–∑—ã–∫ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—â–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –û–Ω –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ç—ã. –° —É—á–µ—Ç–æ–º —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ, Ruby - –Ω–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ –º–æ—â–Ω—ã–π —è–∑—ã–∫. –°–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å Ruby –Æ–∫–∏—Ö–∏—Ä–æ " Matz " –ú–∞—Ü—É–º–æ—Ç–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª: "–†—É–±–∏–Ω –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç –Ω–∞ –≤–∏–¥, –Ω–æ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Å–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞—à–µ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ —Ç–µ–ª–æ".
• C # & ndash; C # - —ç—Ç–æ —è–∑—ã–∫ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π Microsoft. –û–Ω –±—ã–ª —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω –¥–ª—è —É–ª—É—á—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ–ø—Ü–∏–π C. C # –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –ø–ª–∞—Ç—Ñ–æ—Ä–º—É Microsoft .NET –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–º–∏ –≤–µ–±-–ø—Ä–∏–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –∏–≥—Ä–∞–º–∏, –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –º–æ–±–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏.

–°—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —è–∑—ã–∫–∏. —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –Ω–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∏ –≤—ã—à–µ. Perl, Objective-C, Dart, Lisp, JavaScript –∏ PHP —Ç–æ–∂–µ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—ã.

–ü–ª—é—Å—ã –∏ –º–∏–Ω—É—Å—ã —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è

–ù–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ —è–∑—ã–∫–∏ –û–û–ü –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –º–æ—â–Ω—ã–º–∏, –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—ã –¥–ª—è –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–π —Å–∏—Ç—É–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –±–∞–≥–∞–∂, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ —É—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å. & nbsp;

–ü–ª—é—Å—ã

–í–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è

–û–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–¥ —á—Ä–µ–∑–≤—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ –º–æ–¥—É–ª–µ–Ω –ø–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–∏. –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è –ø–æ–ª–∏–º–æ—Ä—Ñ–∏–∑–º—É –∏ –∞–±—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –æ–¥–Ω—É —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏—é, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –∏ —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –í—ã —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ —Å–∫–æ–ø–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é –∏ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —É–∂–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω—ã —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –≠—Ç–æ —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—Ç –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, —Å–Ω–∏–∂–∞–µ—Ç —Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—Ç –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –∏ —É–ø—Ä–æ—â–∞–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ.

–ü–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∞

–î–ª—è —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥ –æ—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —Å –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ-–æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∞–º–∏. –≠—Ç–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —É–ø—Ä–æ—â–∞–µ—Ç –ø–∞—Ä–∞–ª–ª–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫—É –¥–ª—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—á–∏–∫–æ–≤.