Как использовать метод Python Get Current Directory

Michael Zippo 27.11.2021

–í—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —è–∑—ã–∫ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–µ–≤ Python –¥–ª—è –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è —Å –≤–∞—à–µ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–æ–π –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞–º–∏. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å –∞–Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ–Ω –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä—Ñ–µ–π—Å–∞ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∫–∏.

Python " s –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –∏–ª–∏ Python os.getcwd (), –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –≤–∞–º –º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–∏ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—â–∞—Ç—å —Ñ–∞–π–ª—ã. –í —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –∏ –∫–∞–∫ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç—É –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—É.

–ß—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ Python " –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ & rsquo ;?

–ö–æ–¥ Python < > –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –∏–ª–∏ os.getcwd (), –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∏–∑ –¥–≤—É—Ö –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–Ω–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤: os, —á—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ –∏ .getcwd (), —á—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ & mdash; –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥—É (–ø–∞–ø–∫–µ) –∏–ª–∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤–∞—à —Ñ–∞–π–ª –∫–æ–¥–∞.

–ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞ –≤–∞–º –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –∏–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–æ–¥—É–ª—å –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã. –ú–æ–¥—É–ª—å Python - —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–∞—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–¥; –≤–∞–º –Ω–µ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫–∏–µ-–ª–∏–±–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–∏–µ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏. –ú–æ–¥—É–ª—å os –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—â–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–æ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞—Ç—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é –æ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞—Ö –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—â–∞—Ç—å —Ñ–∞–π–ª—ã.

–ö–∞–∫ Python " –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ " —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç

–î–∞–≤–∞–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏–º, –∫–∞–∫ Python –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ—Ç –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–µ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–∞ –≤ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏.

–ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã –æ—Ç–∫—Ä–æ–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Ñ–∞–π–ª –∫–æ–¥–∞, —Å–∫–∞–∂–µ–º, –≤ IDLE (–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–¥ Python editor), –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –≤–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥: & nbsp;

–° –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é " import os " –º—ã –∏–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ–º –º–æ–¥—É–ª—å os –≤ –Ω–∞—à—É –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É. –° –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é " print " –º—ã –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–º –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–µ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—ã –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥, –Ω–∞ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–µ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –∏–º—è –ø–∞–ø–∫–∏, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å –≤ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–µ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–∞.

–ï—Å–ª–∏ —Ñ–∞–π–ª –∫–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω –Ω–∞ –≤–∞—à–µ–º —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–µ–º —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ, —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –≤—ã–≥–ª—è–¥–µ—Ç—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º:

81% —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–∏–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±—è –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–∞—Ö —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ—É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏—Ö —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–π –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è. –ü–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–π –∫—É—Ä—Å —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è.

–°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–Ω–∏–∫ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä—É, –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–≥–µ—Ä—è –¥–æ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã.

–û–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ " name " –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫ –ª—é–±–æ–º—É –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏, —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —Å —É—á–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å—é –≤–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–ø—å—é—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ (–æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –≤–∞—à–µ –∏–º—è).

–ò—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ " –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ " —Å " –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ "

–ö–∞–∫ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—ã —É–∑–Ω–∞–µ—Ç–µ, –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ –≤—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç–µ, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–π—Ç–∏ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥. –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥ " change directory " os.chdir ().

–í –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã —Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—Ç—å –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ –≤—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–π–¥–∏—Ç–µ –≤ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ Documents –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –∫–æ–º–ø—å—é—Ç–µ—Ä–µ (–ø—Ä–∏ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏–∏, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã –µ—â–µ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å –≤ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ Documents), –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å –≤ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ Documents. & nbsp;

–í–æ—Ç –∫–∞–∫ –≤—ã –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç–µ —Å–≤–æ–π —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥, –º–µ–Ω—è–µ—Ç–µ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–∏, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç–µ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å –≤ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –ü–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∏—Ç–µ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–¥:

–û–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≤—ã—à–µ –∫–æ–¥–µ –º—ã —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –∏–º–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–æ–¥—É–ª—å os. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—ã " print " –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –º—ã –º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–∞ os.chdir (), —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–≤ –∏–º—è –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–∞ (Documents) –≤ –ø—É—Ç–∏ –∫ —Ü–µ–ª–µ–≤–æ–π –ø–∞–ø–∫–µ. –ù–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –º—ã —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ–º —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –º—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—Å—è –≤ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–µ Documents.

–í–æ—Ç —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–¥–∞:

–≠—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–º –±—ã–ª —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª, –∞ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –°–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫ - —ç—Ç–æ –î–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã. –û–ø—è—Ç—å –∂–µ, –º—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ " print " –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã & ndash; –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–∞–∑, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –¥–æ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –º—ã –µ–≥–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏, –∏ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–∞–∑, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç—å —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ–≥ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –º—ã –µ–≥–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏. & nbsp;

–ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É Python —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–º —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–µ–≤, –≤—ã –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å Python –¥–ª—è —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å –≤–∞—à–∏–º –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –æ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ –≤–∞—à–µ–º –∫–æ–º–ø—å—é—Ç–µ—Ä–µ. –ü—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ Python " get current directory " - —ç—Ç–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–æ–≤ Python, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –æ –≤–∞—à–∏—Ö —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞—Ö.

–ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∏ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—é—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Å —Ñ–∞–π–ª–∞–º–∏ —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é —è–∑—ã–∫–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–µ–≤, —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–∫ Python, –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ, —á–µ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä—Ñ–µ–π—Å–∞ (GUI) –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø–∞–ø–æ–∫ –∏ —Ñ–∞–π–ª–æ–≤ –∏ –Ω–∞–∂–∞—Ç–∏—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö. –ò—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ Python –∏–ª–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–≥–æ —è–∑—ã–∫–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–µ–≤ –¥–ª—è –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è —Å –≤–∞—à–µ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–æ–π - —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–≤—ã–∫, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞—Ç—å —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—á–∏–∫.