Python | os.path.realpath () method

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Syntax: os.path.realpath(path)

Parameter:
path: A path-like object representing the file system path.
A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.

Return Type: This method returns a string value which represents the canonical path.

Create soft link or symbolic link

$ ln -s {source-filename} {symbolic-filename}

Example 1

def realpath(self, spec, key):
        """
        Resolve and update the path key in the spec with its realpath,
        based on the working directory.
        """

        if key not in spec:
            # do nothing for now
            return

        if not spec[key]:
            logger.warning(
                "cannot resolve realpath of ’%s’ as it is not defined", key)
            return

        check = realpath(join(spec.get(WORKING_DIR, ’’), spec[key]))
        if check != spec[key]:
            spec[key] = check
            logger.warning(
                "realpath of ’%s’ resolved to ’%s’, spec is updated",
                key, check
            )
        return check

    # Setup related methods 

Example 2

def get_rp_stripper(strip_path):
    """ Return function to strip ’’realpath’’ of ’strip_path’ from string

    Parameters
    ----------
    strip_path : str
        path to strip from beginning of strings. Processed to ’’strip_prefix’’
        by ’’realpath(strip_path) + os.path.sep’’.

    Returns
    -------
    stripper : func
        function such that ’’stripper(a_string)’’ will strip ’’strip_prefix’’
        from ’’a_string’’ if present, otherwise pass ’’a_string’’ unmodified
    """
    return get_prefix_stripper(realpath(strip_path) + os.path.sep) 

Example 3

def test_toolchain_standard_not_implemented(self):
        spec = Spec()

        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
            self.toolchain(spec)

        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
            self.toolchain.assemble(spec)

        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
            self.toolchain.link(spec)

        # Check that the build_dir is set on the spec based on tempfile
        self.assertTrue(spec[’build_dir’].startswith(
            realpath(tempfile.gettempdir())))
        # Also that it got deleted properly.
        self.assertFalse(exists(spec[’build_dir’])) 

Example 4

def find_system_jdks():
    """
    Returns a set of valid JDK directories by searching standard locations.
    """
    bases = [
        ’/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines’,
        ’/usr/lib/jvm’,
        ’/usr/java’,
        ’/usr/jdk/instances’,
        r’C:Program FilesJava’
    ]
    jdks = set()
    for base in bases:
        if isdir(base):
            for n in os.listdir(base):
                jdk = join(base, n)
                mac_jdk = join(jdk, ’Contents’, ’Home’)
                if isdir(mac_jdk):
                    jdk = mac_jdk
                if is_valid_jdk(jdk):
                    jdks.add(realpath(jdk))
    return jdks 

Example 5

def _expand_dirs_to_files(files_or_dirs, recursive=False):
    files = []
    files_or_dirs = _ensure_list(files_or_dirs)
    for file_or_dir in files_or_dirs:
        file_or_dir = op.realpath(file_or_dir)
        if op.isdir(file_or_dir):
            # Skip dirnames starting with ’.’
            if _to_skip(file_or_dir):
                continue
            # Recursively visit the directories and add the files.
            if recursive:
                files.extend(_expand_dirs_to_files([op.join(file_or_dir, file)
                             for file in os.listdir(file_or_dir)],
                             recursive=recursive))
            else:
                files.extend([op.join(file_or_dir, file)
                              for file in os.listdir(file_or_dir)])
        elif ’*’ in file_or_dir:
            files.extend(glob.glob(file_or_dir))
        else:
            files.append(file_or_dir)
    return files 

Example 6

def getSubdirs(path, baseNamesOnly=True, excludePythonModulesDirs=True):
    """Provides a list of sub directories for the given path"""
    subdirs = []
    try:
        path = realpath(path) + sep
        for item in os.listdir(path):
            candidate = path + item
            if isdir(candidate):
                if excludePythonModulesDirs:
                    modFile = candidate + sep + "__init__.py"
                    if exists(modFile):
                        continue
                if baseNamesOnly:
                    subdirs.append(item)
                else:
                    subdirs.append(candidate)
    except:
        pass
    return subdirs 

Example 7

def get_dataset(num_points):
    name = ’ModelNet10’
    path = osp.join(osp.dirname(osp.realpath(__file__)), ’..’, ’data’, name)
    pre_transform = T.NormalizeScale()
    transform = T.SamplePoints(num_points)

    train_dataset = ModelNet(
        path,
        name=’10’,
        train=True,
        transform=transform,
        pre_transform=pre_transform)
    test_dataset = ModelNet(
        path,
        name=’10’,
        train=False,
        transform=transform,
        pre_transform=pre_transform)

    return train_dataset, test_dataset 

Example 8

def getParameters(self):
        """Provides a dictionary with the search parameters"""
        parameters = {’term’: self.findCombo.currentText(),
                      ’case’: self.caseCheckBox.isChecked(),
                      ’whole’: self.wordCheckBox.isChecked(),
                      ’regexp’: self.regexpCheckBox.isChecked()}
        if self.projectRButton.isChecked():
            parameters[’in-project’] = True
            parameters[’in-opened’] = False
            parameters[’in-dir’] = ’’
        elif self.openFilesRButton.isChecked():
            parameters[’in-project’] = False
            parameters[’in-opened’] = True
            parameters[’in-dir’] = ’’
        else:
            parameters[’in-project’] = False
            parameters[’in-opened’] = False
            parameters[’in-dir’] = realpath(
                self.dirEditCombo.currentText().strip())
        parameters[’file-filter’] = self.filterCombo.currentText().strip()

        return parameters 

Example 9

def _check_if_pyc(fname):
    """Return True if the extension is .pyc, False if .py
    and None if otherwise"""
    from imp import find_module
    from os.path import realpath, dirname, basename, splitext

    # Normalize the file-path for the find_module()
    filepath = realpath(fname)
    dirpath = dirname(filepath)
    module_name = splitext(basename(filepath))[0]

    # Validate and fetch
    try:
        fileobj, fullpath, (_, _, pytype) = find_module(module_name, [dirpath])
    except ImportError:
        raise IOError("Cannot find config file. "
                      "Path maybe incorrect! : {0}".format(filepath))
    return pytype, fileobj, fullpath 

Example 10

def get_planetoid_dataset(name, normalize_features=False, transform=None):
    path = osp.join(osp.dirname(osp.realpath(__file__)), ’..’, ’data’, name)
    dataset = Planetoid(path, name)

    if transform is not None and normalize_features:
        dataset.transform = T.Compose([T.NormalizeFeatures(), transform])
    elif normalize_features:
        dataset.transform = T.NormalizeFeatures()
    elif transform is not None:
        dataset.transform = transform

    return dataset 

Example 11

def _setup_logger(cls, log_file=None):
        formatter = logging.Formatter(
            fmt="%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s", datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
        )
        screen_handler = logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout)
        screen_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
        logger = logging.getLogger(cls.__name__)
        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
        logger.addHandler(screen_handler)

        if log_file:
            file_handler = logging.FileHandler(realpath(log_file), mode="w")
            file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
            logger.addHandler(file_handler)

        return logger 

Example 12

def bro_server(bro_file, interface="eth0", bro_path="/usr/local/bro/bin/bro"):
    u""" 跑bro服务进程 """
    # 获取绝对路径
    bro_file = path.realpath(bro_file)
    http_file = "/usr/local/bro/share/bro/base/protocols/http/main.bro"
    bro_scripts = ’ ’.join([bro_file, http_file])

    cmd = "sudo {bro_path} -C -b -i {interface} {bro_scripts}"
    cmd = cmd.format(bro_path=bro_path,
                     interface=interface,
                     bro_scripts=bro_scripts)

    msg = "the cmd is: %s" % cmd
    logging.info(msg)

    # change pwd to /tmp
    tmp_dir = path.join(path.dirname(path.realpath(__file__)), ’../../tmp/’)
    chdir(tmp_dir)

    result = run(cmd)
    logging.info(result.__dict__) 

Example 13

def ProcessFlags(env, flags):
    for f in flags:
        if f:
            env.MergeFlags(str(f))

    # fix relative CPPPATH
    for i, p in enumerate(env.get("CPPPATH", [])):
        if isdir(p):
            env[’CPPPATH’][i] = realpath(p)

    # Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or
    # provided with a -D option // Issue #191
    undefines = [u for u in env.get("CCFLAGS", []) if u.startswith("-U")]
    if undefines:
        for undef in undefines:
            env[’CCFLAGS’].remove(undef)
        env.Append(_CPPDEFFLAGS=" %s" % " ".join(undefines)) 

Example 14

def _get_settings_helper(self):
        main_dir = path.dirname(path.realpath(__file__))
        main_dir = path.realpath(path.join(main_dir, ’..’, ’..’))
        default_filepath = path.join(main_dir, ’default_settings.yml’)
        user_filepath = path.join(main_dir, ’settings.yml’)
        args = self._get_args()
        if args.settings_path:
            user_filepath = args.settings_path

        # open the default file and get version information
        with open(default_filepath) as default_filestream:
            default_filesettings = yaml.load(default_filestream)

        # FIXME: not used
        current_version = default_filesettings[’version’].split(’.’) # flake8: noqa

        if path.exists(user_filepath):
            filepath = user_filepath
        else:
            filepath = default_filepath

        with open(filepath) as setting_file:
            self.settings = yaml.load(setting_file, _OrderedLoader)

        return SpecialDict(**self.settings) 

Example 15

def resolve_rpath(lib_path, rpaths):
    """ Return ’lib_path’ with its ’@rpath’ resolved

    If the ’lib_path’ doesn’t have ’@rpath’ then it’s returned as is.

    If ’lib_path’ has ’@rpath’ then returns the first ’rpaths’/’lib_path’
    combination found.  If the library can’t be found in ’rpaths’ then a
    detailed warning is printed and ’lib_path’ is returned as is.

    Parameters
    ----------
    lib_path : str
        The path to a library file, which may or may not start with ’@rpath’.
    rpaths : sequence of str
        A sequence of search paths, usually gotten from a call to ’get_rpaths’.

    Returns
    -------
    lib_path : str
        A str with the resolved libraries realpath.
    """
    if not lib_path.startswith(’@rpath/’):
        return lib_path

    lib_rpath = lib_path.split(’/’, 1)[1]
    for rpath in rpaths:
        rpath_lib = realpath(pjoin(rpath, lib_rpath))
        if os.path.exists(rpath_lib):
            return rpath_lib

    warnings.warn(
        "Couldn’t find {0} on paths:
	{1}".format(
            lib_path,
            ’
	’.join(realpath(path) for path in rpaths),
            )
        )
    return lib_path 

Example 16

def wheel_libs(wheel_fname, filt_func=None):
    """ Return analysis of library dependencies with a Python wheel

    Use this routine for a dump of the dependency tree.

    Parameters
    ----------
    wheel_fname : str
        Filename of wheel
    filt_func : None or callable, optional
        If None, inspect all files for library dependencies. If callable,
        accepts filename as argument, returns True if we should inspect the
        file, False otherwise.

    Returns
    -------
    lib_dict : dict
        dictionary with (key, value) pairs of (’’libpath’’,
        ’’dependings_dict’’).  ’’libpath’’ is library being depended on,
        relative to wheel root path if within wheel tree.  ’’dependings_dict’’
        is (key, value) of (’’depending_lib_path’’, ’’install_name’’).  Again,
        ’’depending_lib_path’’ is library relative to wheel root path, if
        within wheel tree.
    """
    with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        zip2dir(wheel_fname, tmpdir)
        lib_dict = tree_libs(tmpdir, filt_func)
    return stripped_lib_dict(lib_dict, realpath(tmpdir) + os.path.sep)

Example 17

def main():
    parser = OptionParser(
        usage="%s WHEEL_OR_PATH_TO_ANALYZE

" % sys.argv[0] + __doc__,
        version="%prog " + __version__)
    parser.add_options([
        Option("-a", "--all",
               action="store_true",
               help="Show all dependencies, including system libs"),
        Option("-d", "--depending",
               action="store_true",
               help="Show libraries depending on dependencies")])
    (opts, paths) = parser.parse_args()
    if len(paths) < 1:
        parser.print_help()
        sys.exit(1)

    multi = len(paths) > 1
    for path in paths:
        if multi:
            print(path + ’:’)
            indent = ’   ’
        else:
            indent = ’’
        if isdir(path):
            lib_dict = tree_libs(path)
            lib_dict = stripped_lib_dict(lib_dict, realpath(getcwd()) + psep)
        else:
            lib_dict = wheel_libs(path)
        keys = sorted(lib_dict)
        if not opts.all:
            keys = [key for key in keys if filter_system_libs(key)]
        if not opts.depending:
            if len(keys):
                print(indent + (’
’ + indent).join(keys))
            continue
        i2 = indent + ’    ’
        for key in keys:
            print(indent + key + ’:’)
            libs = lib_dict[key]
            if len(libs):
                print(i2 + (’
’ + i2).join(libs)) 

Example 18

def test_given_directory():
    # Test InGivenDirectory
    cwd = getcwd()
    with InGivenDirectory() as tmpdir:
        assert_equal(tmpdir, abspath(cwd))
        assert_equal(tmpdir, abspath(getcwd()))
    with InGivenDirectory(MY_DIR) as tmpdir:
        assert_equal(tmpdir, MY_DIR)
        assert_equal(realpath(MY_DIR), realpath(abspath(getcwd())))
    # We were deleting the Given directory!  Check not so now.
    assert_true(isfile(MY_PATH)) 

Example 19

def decideClean(workDir, architecture, aggressiveCleanup):
  """ Decides what to delete, without actually doing it:
      - Find all the symlinks in "BUILD"
      - Find all the directories in "BUILD"
      - Schedule a directory for deletion if it does not have a symlink
  """
  symlinksBuild = [os.readlink(x) for x in glob.glob("%s/BUILD/*-latest*" % workDir)]
  # $WORK_DIR/TMP should always be cleaned up. This does not happen only
  # in the case we run out of space while unpacking.
  # $WORK_DIR//store can be cleaned up as well, because
  # we do not need the actual tarballs after they have been built.
  toDelete = ["%s/TMP" % workDir]
  if aggressiveCleanup:
    toDelete += ["%s/TARS/%s/store" % (workDir, architecture),
                 "%s/SOURCES" % (workDir)]
  allBuildStuff = glob.glob("%s/BUILD/*" % workDir)
  toDelete += [x for x in allBuildStuff
               if not path.islink(x) and not basename(x) in symlinksBuild]
  installGlob ="%s/%s/*/" % (workDir, architecture)
  installedPackages = set([dirname(x) for x in glob.glob(installGlob)])
  symlinksInstall = []
  for x in installedPackages:
    symlinksInstall += [path.realpath(y) for y in glob.glob(x + "/latest*")]
  toDelete += [x for x in glob.glob(installGlob+ "*")
               if not path.islink(x) and not path.realpath(x) in symlinksInstall]
  toDelete = [x for x in toDelete if path.exists(x)]
  return toDelete 

Example 20

def _get_script_dir(follow_symlinks: bool = True) -> Path:
    # Getting the path to the trust stores is tricky due to subtle differences on OS X, Linux and Windows
    if getattr(sys, "frozen", False):
        # py2exe, PyInstaller, cx_Freeze
        path = Path(sys.executable).absolute()
    else:
        path = Path(inspect.getabsfile(_get_script_dir))
    if follow_symlinks:
        path = Path(realpath(path))
    return path.parent 

Archive

os.path.realpath() in Python is used to get the canonical path of a specified filename by removing any symlinks found in the path .

Syntax: os.path.realpath (path)

Parameter:
path : A path-like object representing the file system path.
A path-like object is either a string or bytes object representing a path.

Return Type: This method returns a string value which represents the canonical path.

Create soft link or symbolic link
On Unix or Linux, a soft link or symbolic link can be created using the ln command. Following is the syntax for creating a symbolic link on the command line:

 $ ln -s {source-filename} {symbolic-filename} 

Example:

Example:

In the above output, "/ home / ihritik / Desktop / file (shortcut) .txt " is a symbolic link.

Code: using os.path.realpath () method to get canonical path and resolution symbolic links.

Exit:

 / home / ihritik / Documents / file (original) .txt /GeeksForGeeks/sample.py /home/ihritik/file.txt /home/ihritik/Downloads/file.txt 

Link: https: / /docs.python.org/3/library/os.path.html

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Python | os.path.realpath () method __del__: Questions

import time
time.sleep(5)   # Delays for 5 seconds. You can also use a float value.

import time
while True:
    print("This prints once a minute.")
    time.sleep(60) # Delay for 1 minute (60 seconds).

from time import sleep
sleep(0.1) # Time in seconds

Python | os.path.realpath () method __del__: Questions

import os
os.remove("/tmp/<file_name>.txt")

import os
os.unlink("/tmp/<file_name>.txt")

file_to_rem = pathlib.Path("/tmp/<file_name>.txt")
file_to_rem.unlink()

#!/usr/bin/python
import os
myfile="/tmp/foo.txt"

## If file exists, delete it ##
if os.path.isfile(myfile):
    os.remove(myfile)
else:    ## Show an error ##
    print("Error: %s file not found" % myfile)

#!/usr/bin/python
import os

## Get input ##
myfile= raw_input("Enter file name to delete: ")

## Try to delete the file ##
try:
    os.remove(myfile)
except OSError as e:  ## if failed, report it back to the user ##
    print ("Error: %s - %s." % (e.filename, e.strerror))

Enter file name to delete : demo.txt
Error: demo.txt - No such file or directory.

Enter file name to delete : rrr.txt
Error: rrr.txt - Operation not permitted.

Enter file name to delete : foo.txt

shutil.rmtree()

#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import sys
import shutil

# Get directory name
mydir= raw_input("Enter directory name: ")

## Try to remove tree; if failed show an error using try...except on screen
try:
    shutil.rmtree(mydir)
except OSError as e:
    print ("Error: %s - %s." % (e.filename, e.strerror))

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
b = a.index(6)

del a[b]
print(a)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:zjm_codea.py", line 6, in <module>
    b = a.index(6)
ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

try:
    b = a.index(6)
    del a[b]
except:
    pass

print(a)

>>> a = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
>>> a.remove("b")
>>> print(a)
["a", "c", "d"]

>>> a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 20, 30, 40, 20, 70, 20]
>>> a = [x for x in a if x != 20]
>>> print(a)
[10, 30, 40, 30, 40, 70]

We hope this article has helped you to resolve the problem. Apart from Python | os.path.realpath () method, check other __del__-related topics.

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