Python modules

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Example :

# Simple module, calc.py def add (x, y): return (x + y) def subtract (x, y): return (x - y)

import statement
We can use any Python source file as a module by executing an import statement in another source Python file.
When the interpreter encounters an import statement, it imports the module if the module is present in the search path. Search path — this is a list of directories that the interpreter looks for to import a module. For example, to import the calc.py module, we need to place the following command at the top of the script:

# calc.py importer import calc print add ( 10 , 2 )

Output:

 12 

statement from import

The Python from statement allows you to import certain attributes from a module. from .. import .. has the following syntax:

Output:

 4.0 720 

dir () function
The dir () built-in function returns a sorted list of strings containing the names defined by the module. The list contains the names of all modules, variables and functions that are defined in the module.

# importing sqrt () and factorial from # math module from math import sqrt, factorial # if we just "import math" then # math.sqrt (16) and math.factorial () # required. print sqrt ( 16 ) print factorial ( 6 )

# Import inline module into random import random print dir (math)

Output:

 [’BPF’,’ LOG4’, ’NV_MAGICCONST’,’ RECIP_BPF’, ’Random’,’ SG_MAGICCONST’, ’SystemRandom’,’ TWOPI’, ’WichmannHill’,’ _BuiltinMethodType’, ’_MethodType’,’ __all__’, ’__builtins__’,’ __doc__’, ’__file__’,’ __name__’, ’__package__’,’ _acos’, ’_ceil’, _e _cos’, ’,’ _exp’, ’_hashlib’,’ _hexlify’, ’_inst’,’ _log’, ’_pi’,’ _random’, ’_sin’,’ _sqrt’, ’_test’,’ _test_generator’, ’_urandom’, ’_warn’,’ betavariate’, ’choice’,’ division’, ’expovariate’,’ gammavariate’, ’gauss’,’ getrandbits’ , ’getstate’,’ jumpahead’, ’lognormvariate’,’ normalvariate’, ’paretovariate’,’ randint’, ’random’,’ randrange’, ’sample’,’ seed’, ’setstate’,’ shuffle’, ’ triangular’, ’uniform’,’ vonmisesvariate’, ’weibullvariate’] 

Code snippet illustrating built-in Python modules:

# import of the built-in math module import math # using the square root function (sqrt) # in math module print math.sqrt ( 25 ) # using the pi function containing in the math module print math.pi # 2 radians = 114.59 degrees print math.degrees ( 2 ) # 60 degrees = 1.04 radians print math.radians ( 60 ) # Sine 2 radians print math.sin ( 2 ) # Cosine 0.5 radians print math.cos ( 0.5 ) # 0.23 radian tangent print math.tan ( 0.23 ) # 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 = 24 print math.factorial ( 4 ) # imports the inline module into random import random # print a random integer from 0 to 5 print random.randint ( 0 , 5 ) # print a random floating point number from 0 to 1 print random.random () # random number from 0 to 100 print random.random () * 100 List = [ 1 , 4 , True , 800 , "python" , 27 , "hello" ] # using the pick function in a random module to select # random element from a set such as a list print random.choice ( List ) # import inline datetime module import datetime from datetime import date import time # Returns the number of seconds since # Unix Epoch Jan 1, 1970 print time.time () # Converts the number of seconds to a date object print date.fromtimestamp ( 454554 )

Output:

 5.0 3.14159265359 114.591559026 1.0471975512 0.909297426826 0.87758256189 0.234143362351 24 3 0.401533172951 88.4917616788 True 1461425771.87 1970-01-06 

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