Python | Linear regression using sklearns

File handling | NumPy | Python functions | sin

Michael Zippo 18.07.2021

Linear Regression — it is a supervised learning based machine learning algorithm. It performs a regression task. Regression models the prediction target based on the explanatory variables. It is mainly used to figure out the relationship between variables and forecasting. Different regression models differ depending on the type of relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables they are looking at and the number of explanatory variables used.

This article will demonstrate how to use various Python libraries to implement linear regression on a given set data. We will demonstrate a binary linear model as it will be easier to visualize.

In this demo, the model will use the Gradient Descent for training. You can find out about this

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn import preprocessing, svm

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

Step 2: Read the dataset

You can download the dataset here.

   
  
  Step 3: Examining data scatter  
 
      cd C: UsersDevDesktopKaggleSalinity  
   
  # Change the file reading location to match the dataset location  
   df   =   pd.read_csv (  ’bottle.csv’  ) 
   df_binary   =   df [[  ’Salnty’  ,  ’ T_degC’  ]] 
   
  # Take only two selected attributes from the dataset  
   df_binary.columns   =   [  ’Sal’  ,  ’ Temp’  ] 
   
  # Renaming columns for easier coding  
  df_binary.head () 
   
  # Display only the first lines along with the column names  
  
 
       
      sns.lmplot (x   =   "Sal"  , y   =  " Temp " , data   =   df_binary, order   =   2  , ci   =   None  ) 
    
  # Plotting data scatter

Step 4: Clean up the data

# Eliminate NaNs or missing input numbers

< code class = "plain"> df_binary.fillna (method = ’ffill’ , inplace = True )

Step 5: Train Our Model

X = np.array (df_binary [ ’Sal’ ]). reshape ( - 1 , 1 )

y = np.array (df_binary [ ’Temp’ ]). reshape ( - 1 , 1 )

# Separating data into independent and dependent variables
# Convert each data frame to a NumPy array
# since each data frame contains only one column

df_binary.dropna (inplace = True )

# Delete any lines with Nan values

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split (X, y, test_size = 0.25 )

# Divide data into training and test data

regr = LinearRegression ()

regr.fit (X_train, y_train)

print (regr.score (X_test, y_test))

Step 6: Examine our results

y_pred = regr.predict (X_test)

plt. scatter (X_test, y_test, color = ’b’ )

plt.plot (X_t est, y_pred, color = ’k’ )

plt.show ()
# Scatter of data by predicted values

The low accuracy of our model indicates that our regression model did not fit the existing ones very well data. This suggests that our data is not suitable for linear regression. But sometimes a dataset can accept a linear regressor if we only consider a part of it. Let’s check it out.

Step 7: Working with a smaller dataset

       df_binary500   =   df_binary [:] [:   500  ] 
    
  # Select the first 500 lines of data  
   sns.lmplot (x   =   "Sal"  , y   =   "Temp"  , data   =   df_binary500, 
   order   =   2  , ci   =   None  )

We already see that the first 500 lines follow a linear models. Continue with the same steps as before.

df_binary500.fillna (method = ’ffill’ , inplace = True )

X = np.array (df_binary500 [ ’ Sal’ ]). reshape ( - 1 , 1 )

y = np.array (df_binary500 [ ’Temp’ ]). reshape ( - 1 , 1 )

df_binary500.dropna (inplace = True )

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split (X, y, test_size = 0.25 )

regr = LinearRegression ()

regr.fit (X_train, y_train)

print (regr.score (X_test, y_test))

y_pred = regr.predict (X_test)

plt.scatter (X_test, y_test, color = ’b’ )

plt.plot (X_test, y_pred, color = ’k’ )

plt.show ()

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Python | Linear regression using sklearns

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