Single Line Nested For Loops

Michael Zippo

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Wrote this function in python that transposes a matrix:

def transpose(m):
    height = len(m)
    width = len(m[0])
    return [ [ m[i][j] for i in range(0, height) ] for j in range(0, width) ]

In the process I realized I don"t fully understand how single line nested for loops execute. Please help me understand by answering the following questions:

What is the order in which this for loop executes?
If I had a triple nested for loop, what order would it execute?
What would be equal the equal unnested for loop?

Given,

[ function(i,j) for i,j in object ]

What type must object be in order to use this for loop structure?
What is the order in which i and j are assigned to elements in object?
Can it be simulated by a different for loop structure?
Can this for loop be nested with a similar or different structure for loop? And how would it look?

Additional information is appreciated as well.

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iat

InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately

3 answers

Tried to perform REST GET through python requests with the following code and I got error.

Code snip:

import requests
header = {"Authorization": "Bearer..."}
url = az_base_url + az_subscription_id + "/resourcegroups/Default-Networking/resources?" + az_api_version
r = requests.get(url, headers=header)

Error:

/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:79: 
          InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. 
          This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. 
          For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning.
  InsecurePlatformWarning

My python version is 2.7.3. I tried to install urllib3 and requests[security] as some other thread suggests, I still got the same error.

Wonder if anyone can provide some tips?

334

Answer #1

The docs give a fair indicator of what"s required., however requests allow us to skip a few steps:

You only need to install the security package extras (thanks @admdrew for pointing it out)

$ pip install requests[security]

or, install them directly:

$ pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1

Requests will then automatically inject pyopenssl into urllib3

If you"re on ubuntu, you may run into trouble installing pyopenssl, you"ll need these dependencies:

$ apt-get install libffi-dev libssl-dev

iat

Dynamic instantiation from string name of a class in dynamically imported module?

3 answers

In python, I have to instantiate certain class, knowing its name in a string, but this class "lives" in a dynamically imported module. An example follows:

loader-class script:

import sys
class loader:
  def __init__(self, module_name, class_name): # both args are strings
    try:
      __import__(module_name)
      modul = sys.modules[module_name]
      instance = modul.class_name() # obviously this doesn"t works, here is my main problem!
    except ImportError:
       # manage import error

some-dynamically-loaded-module script:

class myName:
  # etc...

I use this arrangement to make any dynamically-loaded-module to be used by the loader-class following certain predefined behaviours in the dyn-loaded-modules...

222

Answer #1

You can use getattr

getattr(module, class_name)

to access the class. More complete code:

module = __import__(module_name)
class_ = getattr(module, class_name)
instance = class_()

As mentioned below, we may use importlib

import importlib
module = importlib.import_module(module_name)
class_ = getattr(module, class_name)
instance = class_()

iat

How to get all of the immediate subdirectories in Python

3 answers

I"m trying to write a simple Python script that will copy a index.tpl to index.html in all of the subdirectories (with a few exceptions).

I"m getting bogged down by trying to get the list of subdirectories.

184

Answer #1

import os
def get_immediate_subdirectories(a_dir):
    return [name for name in os.listdir(a_dir)
            if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(a_dir, name))]

We hope this article has helped you to resolve the problem. Apart from Single Line Nested For Loops, check other code Python module-related topics.

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