looping over all member variables of a class in python

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Michael Zippo

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How do you get a list of all variables in a class thats iteratable? Kind of like locals(), but for a class

class Example(object):
    bool143 = True
    bool2 = True
    blah = False
    foo = True
    foobar2000 = False

    def as_list(self)
       ret = []
       for field in XXX:
           if getattr(self, field):
               ret.append(field)
       return ";".join(ret)

this should return

>>> e = Example()
>>> e.as_list()
bool143, bool2, foo

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join

Why is it string.join(list) instead of list.join(string)?

5 answers

By Evan Fosmark

This has always confused me. It seems like this would be nicer:

my_list = ["Hello", "world"]
print(my_list.join("-"))
# Produce: "Hello-world"

Than this:

my_list = ["Hello", "world"]
print("-".join(my_list))
# Produce: "Hello-world"

Is there a specific reason it is like this?

1906

Answer #1

It"s because any iterable can be joined (e.g, list, tuple, dict, set), but its contents and the "joiner" must be strings.

For example:

"_".join(["welcome", "to", "stack", "overflow"])
"_".join(("welcome", "to", "stack", "overflow"))

"welcome_to_stack_overflow"

Using something other than strings will raise the following error:

TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, int found

1906

Answer #2

This was discussed in the String methods... finally thread in the Python-Dev achive, and was accepted by Guido. This thread began in Jun 1999, and str.join was included in Python 1.6 which was released in Sep 2000 (and supported Unicode). Python 2.0 (supported str methods including join) was released in Oct 2000.

There were four options proposed in this thread:
- str.join(seq)
- seq.join(str)
- seq.reduce(str)
- join as a built-in function
Guido wanted to support not only lists and tuples, but all sequences/iterables.
seq.reduce(str) is difficult for newcomers.
seq.join(str) introduces unexpected dependency from sequences to str/unicode.
join() as a built-in function would support only specific data types. So using a built-in namespace is not good. If join() supports many datatypes, creating an optimized implementation would be difficult, if implemented using the __add__ method then it would ve O(n¬≤).
The separator string (sep) should not be omitted. Explicit is better than implicit.

Here are some additional thoughts (my own, and my friend"s):

Unicode support was coming, but it was not final. At that time UTF-8 was the most likely about to replace UCS2/4. To calculate total buffer length of UTF-8 strings it needs to know character coding rule.
At that time, Python had already decided on a common sequence interface rule where a user could create a sequence-like (iterable) class. But Python didn"t support extending built-in types until 2.2. At that time it was difficult to provide basic iterable class (which is mentioned in another comment).

Guido"s decision is recorded in a historical mail, deciding on str.join(seq):

Funny, but it does seem right! Barry, go for it...
Guido van Rossum

1906

Answer #3

Because the join() method is in the string class, instead of the list class?

I agree it looks funny.

See http://www.faqs.org/docs/diveintopython/odbchelper_join.html:

Historical note. When I first learned Python, I expected join to be a method of a list, which would take the delimiter as an argument. Lots of people feel the same way, and there‚Äôs a story behind the join method. Prior to Python 1.6, strings didn‚Äôt have all these useful methods. There was a separate string module which contained all the string functions; each function took a string as its first argument. The functions were deemed important enough to put onto the strings themselves, which made sense for functions like lower, upper, and split. But many hard-core Python programmers objected to the new join method, arguing that it should be a method of the list instead, or that it shouldn‚Äôt move at all but simply stay a part of the old string module (which still has lots of useful stuff in it). I use the new join method exclusively, but you will see code written either way, and if it really bothers you, you can use the old string.join function instead.

--- Mark Pilgrim, Dive into Python

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Angelo Danburry

Shanghai | 2023-03-29

Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with looping over all member variables of a class in python for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. Will use it in my bachelor thesis

Jan Gonzalez

Milan | 2023-03-29

Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with looping over all member variables of a class in python for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. I am just not quite sure it is the best method

Angelo OConnell

Massachussetts | 2023-03-29

Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with looping over all member variables of a class in python for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. Checked yesterday, it works!